Volumetric Energy Density (VED) is one of the most critical parameters in metal 3D printing, yet it’s often misunderstood. VED defines how much laser energy is applied per unit volume of material and directly influences the density, strength, and overall quality of the printed part. It’s a calculated combination of laser power, scan speed, hatch spacing, and layer thickness, measured in J/mm³.
A low VED may result in poor fusion between layers, creating porosity and weak spots that compromise structural integrity. On the other hand, excessive VED can lead to overheating, keyholing, or distortion due to thermal stress. Striking the right balance is essential to achieving optimal microstructure and functional performance.
For engineers and operators, dialing in the right VED is not just about following standard parameters, it requires calibration based on part geometry, material type, and intended mechanical performance. It often takes iterative testing and inspection to refine this balance.
Ultimately, understanding and controlling VED empowers manufacturers to consistently produce parts that are strong, dense, and reliable, whether for aerospace components or medical implants. It’s a powerful lever for quality control in metal AM.